Английский в микробиологии(english in microbiology)

What is the main structure responsible for bacterial motility?

• Flagellum
• Pilus
• Capsule
• Ribosome

Which of the following is a Gram-positive bacterium?

• Staphylococcus aureus
• Escherichia coli
• Salmonella enterica
• Neisseria meningitidis

What type of microorganism is Candida albicans?

• Bacterium
• Fungus
• Virus
• Protozoa

In microbiology, what does the term «antibiotic» mean?

• A chemical produced by humans to kill viruses
• A chemical compound that enhances bacterial growth
• A substance produced by microorganisms that inhibits or kills other microorganisms
• A chemical used to stain bacteria for microscopy

Which staining technique is used to differentiate Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria?

• Acid-fast stain
• Endospore stain
• Gram stain
• Methylene blue stain

What is the function of bacterial pili?

• Motility
• Energy production
• Attachment to surfaces
• Protein synthesis

Which microorganism is known to cause tuberculosis?

• Staphylococcus aureus
• Clostridium tetani
• Mycobacterium tuberculosis
• Helicobacter pylori

What is the term for a virus that infects bacteria?

• Bacterium
• Pathogen
• Bacteriophage
• Prion

Which nutrient medium is commonly used to grow bacteria in the lab?

• Distilled water
• Blood agar
• Gelatin
• Nutrient agar

What is the shape of cocci bacteria?

• Rod-shaped
• Spiral-shaped
• Spherical
• Comma-shaped

Which of the following is a common method of bacterial reproduction?

• Binary fission
• Binary fission
• Mitosis
• Meiosis

What is the role of endotoxins in microbiology?

• They are produced by Gram-positive bacteria to enhance virulence
• They are toxic substances associated with the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria
• They assist in nutrient absorption by bacteria
• They are enzymes that digest host tissues

Which term describes bacteria that require oxygen to grow?

• Anaerobes
• Facultative anaerobes
• Aerobes
• Microaerophiles

What does MIC stand for in antimicrobial susceptibility testing?

• Maximum inhibitory concentration
• Microbial infection count
• Minimum inhibitory concentration
• Microbial inhibition coefficient

Which of the following viruses is RNA-based?

• Herpes simplex virus
• Influenza virus
• Adenovirus
• Papillomavirus

What is the term for a dormant, highly resistant bacterial structure?

• Cyst
• Capsule
• Biofilm
• Endospore

Which process involves the direct transfer of DNA between two bacteria?

• Transformation
• Transduction
• Conjugation
• Translation

What does PCR stand for in microbiological diagnostics?

• Protein Chain Reaction
• Polymerase Chain Reaction
• Polymerase Cell Reaction
• Protein Code Replication

What is the purpose of an autoclave in microbiology labs?

• To incubate cultures
• To stain slides
• To sterilize equipment and media
• To observe microorganisms under a microscope

Which bacterium is known for nitrogen fixation in soil?

• Escherichia coli
• Rhizobium
• Streptococcus
• Bacillus anthracis

What is the function of bacterial capsules?

• Protein synthesis
• Protection against phagocytosis
• Energy storage
• Motility

Which scientist is known for developing the vaccine against rabies?

• Louis Pasteur
• Louis Pasteur
• Robert Koch
• Alexander Fleming

Which term describes bacteria that can survive in extreme conditions?

• Mesophiles
• Psychrophiles
• Thermophiles
• Extremophiles

What is the main function of ribosomes in bacterial cells?

• Energy production
• DNA replication
• Protein synthesis
• Transport of molecules

Which microorganism is measured in colony-forming units (CFU)?

• Viruses
• Bacteria
• Prions
• Fungi spores

What is the main function of a bacterial cell wall?

• To produce energy
• To maintain cell shape and protect against osmotic pressure
• To store genetic information
• To facilitate movement

Which microscope is commonly used to observe live bacteria?

• Electron microscope
• Light microscope
• Scanning tunneling microscope
• Fluorescence microscope

The process by which bacteria take up foreign DNA is called:

• Transduction
• Conjugation
• Transformation
• Replication

Which of the following is a Gram-positive bacterium?

• Staphylococcus aureus
• Escherichia coli
• Salmonella enterica
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa

What is the purpose of the capsule in bacteria?

• Energy storage
• Motility
• Protection against phagocytosis
• Protein synthesis

Which enzyme breaks down hydrogen peroxide in bacterial cells?

• Amylase
• Lysozyme
• Catalase
• Protease

Which type of bacteria requires oxygen to survive?

• Anaerobic bacteria
• Facultative anaerobes
• Aerobic bacteria
• Microaerophiles

The term «pathogen» refers to:

• A harmless microorganism
• A microorganism that causes disease
• A beneficial microorganism
• A virus

Which of the following is a method of bacterial reproduction?

• Meiosis
• Budding
• Binary fission
• Spore germination

What is an endospore?

• A reproductive structure
• A dormant, resistant bacterial form
• A cell wall component
• A type of bacterial toxin

Which term describes bacteria that can survive with or without oxygen?

• Aerobic
• Obligate anaerobe
• Facultative anaerobe
• Microaerophile

The Gram stain differentiates bacteria based on:

• Motility
• Shape
• Cell wall composition
• Genetic material

Which type of RNA carries amino acids to the ribosome?

• rRNA
• tRNA
• mRNA
• snRNA

Which antibiotic inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis?

• Tetracycline
• Chloramphenicol
• Penicillin
• Erythromycin

The term «microbiota» refers to:

• Harmful bacteria
• The community of microorganisms living in a specific environment
• Viruses in the environment
• Fungal spores

Which structure allows bacteria to move?

• Fimbriae
• Capsule
• Flagella
• Endospore

Which process involves transfer of bacterial DNA by a virus?

• Conjugation
• Transduction
• Transformation
• Replication

What type of microorganism is a protozoan?

• Bacteria
• Fungus
• Virus
• Protist

What is the role of lysozyme in the immune system?

• Digest proteins
• Neutralize toxins
• Break down bacterial cell walls
• Stimulate antibody production

Which condition best describes thermophilic bacteria?

• Cold-loving
• Salt-loving
• Acid-loving
• Heat-loving

Which vitamin is synthesized by intestinal microbiota?

• Vitamin A
• Vitamin K
• Vitamin C
• Vitamin D

What is a common feature of all viruses?

• Cell wall
• Ribosomes
• Genetic material inside a protein coat
• Metabolic activity

Which of the following is used for selective culturing of bacteria?

• Blood agar
• MacConkey agar
• Sugar broth
• Sabouraud agar

What does antibiotic resistance mean?

• The antibiotic kills bacteria more effectively
• Increased sensitivity to antibiotics
• The ability of bacteria to survive exposure to an antibiotic
• Antibiotics start working faster

What is the term for a protein produced by bacteria that can harm host cells?

• Enzyme
• Antibody
• Toxin
• Vaccine

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